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The Ethereum Name Service (ENS) is the decentralised naming protocol built on the Ethereum blockchain. It adheres to open-source standards and uses a set of decentralised smart contracts to translate blockchain addresses into human-readable names.

You can share your ENS name instead of a long, hard-to-remember crypto address. ENS is not only a naming service for Ethereum: it serves the wider blockchain ecosystem, including 100+ networks. It can name crypto wallets (cross-chain), content hashes, metadata and even smart contracts. Developers assign ENS names to apps and wallets, so users can recognise what they're interacting with onchain.

ENS solves all three points of Zooko's Triangle problem — the problem of making a network protocol that is

ENS names are programmable and recorded on the Ethereum blockchain.

It works similarly to DNS, in that ENS names resolve long random number and letter combinations into human-readable labels. Because this is done on the Ethereum blockchain, it is secure, decentralised, and transparent.

It is built on the foundation of Open Source programming, which means anyone can examine the code. The software code is published in the open, on the public blockchain ledger.

The blockchain needed a naming system from early on. Ethereum launched in 2015, and by April 2016 former Google engineer Nick Johnson had presented the concept of ENS within the Ethereum Foundation.

In May 2017, the first ENS names were minted, starting with rilxxlir.eth. Its top-level domain (TLD) is .eth, a reserved "special use domain" within the ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) namespace.

.eth is already reserved for the country of Ethiopia, though not in use. That prevents future naming collisions with DNS and helps ENS integrate with existing DNS systems.

In 2018, ENS branched off from the Ethereum Foundation into its own project, with an EF grant to keep building the protocol.

It adheres to the concept of the Infinite Garden. ENS is part of that Infinite Garden ethos, reflecting the "nurture and grow, but do not control". The core team at ENS Labs was funded through grants, and had no VC investors.

In the early days of the Internet, information was queried by using IP (Internet Protocol) addresses.

To find information, a set of machine readable addresses had to be known in order to locate where that information resided on computer network servers.

IP addresses are made of 4 sets of numbers separated by dots, using the numbers 0 through 255. It is a numerical label such as 142.250.64.142. This particular IP address is assigned to Google servers. This numerical format is easy for computers to work with, but not so much for humans to easily remember and reference.

Eventually, DNS or Domain Name Servers were created to bridge the gap between what machines needed to use and what humans were able to understand and remember.

DNS takes care of translating or mapping domain names to IP addresses. Instead of typing 142.250.64.142 into a browser, DNS enables using the domain name of google.com.

Go ahead and type in 142.250.64.142 into a web browser and it will route to the same place as google.com.

Similar to how DNS maps a domain name to an IP address, ENS was created to map blockchain addresses to human readable labels.

As a simple example, Vitalik.eth is an ENS name that maps to 0xd8dA6BF26964aF9D7eEd9e03E53415D37aA96045, an Ethereum blockchain address.

One could send cryptocurrency to 0xd8dA6BF26964aF9D7eEd9e03E53415D37aA96045, or instead send the same using Vitalik.eth which will resolve to the same blockchain address!

DNS names can contain multiple records that point to various locations that Internet services use. For example, a DNS mail record, or MX record may point to the location of an email server used to deliver email to the correct servers.

Similarly, ENS stores data in records, but these records are not limited to only Ethereum addresses. Any number of records can be created, and resolved by smart contracts on the blockchain to find the location of those resources.

ENS records could contain a Bitcoin address, a content record, social media account handles, profile images like avatars, and more. Once those records are stored, developers can resolve these records programmatically using Resolvers on the blockchain. For example, developers can use ENS records to create custom profiles that aggregate users' addresses, portfolio assets, and even cross-platform decentralised identifiers.

It is important to note that ENS does not seek to replace DNS. Instead, ENS builds on the groundwork DNS has already established, but using decentralised, secure, and censorship-resistant blockchain technology.

By design, ENS is forward-compatible with DNS. This is to prevent name collision with the existing DNS namespace.

In fact, ENS extends beyond the .eth TLD. It is possible to import a DNS name into ENS, so that a .com can make use of the blockchain.

Imported DNS names can be used to store records on the blockchain which in turn can be resolved by smart contracts. As a simple example, if mywebsite.com was imported into ENS, then it would be possible to send cryptocurrency or digital assets like NFTs to mywebsite.com!

ENS is based on a set of decentralised smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. As such, there is no need for centralised operators and systems that DNS relies upon.

The mapping of DNS names relies on root servers to answer queries for records stored in the root zone. This is how queries are performed using DNS lookups, which then find the TLD servers, which in turn locate the resources. There are a maximum total of 13 root name server addresses used for this.

In contrast, instead of relying on centralised root servers, ENS uses immutable and transparent smart contracts stored on the Ethereum blockchain to resolve records.

Resolver contracts handle translating names to addresses and or other data points. Because of the decentralised technology Ethereum is built on, ENS is able to avoid relying on centralised root servers as with DNS.

The code is stored on a decentralised network and that code is visible and transparent. In this way, ENS names are censorship-resistant. Geographical restrictions do not apply, as the information is securely stored on the global distributed blockchain.

ENS is an important set of infrastructure, built as a public good for humanity and not for profit.

Its development is driven by the community and for the community. No single entity or organisation controls the protocol.

It is not possible for ownership of an ENS name to be infringed or censored as outlined in the ENS DAO Constitution.

Changes to the protocol are governed by the ENS DAO, a Decentralised Autonomous Organisation, by way of governance voting.